Practice for how to use article - အာတီကယ္ အသံုးျပဳပံုျပဳနည္းေလ့က်င့္ခန္း

ဒီေန႔ကေတာ့ အာတီကယ္ေခၚ (a/an/the/ zero article) အသံုးအႏႈန္းနဲ႔ပတ္သက္လို႔ေလ့က်င့္ခန္းတစ္ခုကိုတင္ေပးလိုက္ပါတယ္။ အာတီကယ္အသံုးျပဳပံု အသံုးျပဳနည္းနဲ႔ပတ္သက္လို႔ ဤေနရာတြင္ေလ့လာပါ။

A/The/- (zero article or no article)

Practice
Circle the correct answer

I could tell by (a/the/-) town hall clock that I was late, so I decided to catch (a/-) bus. It was (a/the/-) beautiful day; (a/th/-) sun was shining and there was (the/-) very little wind. I turned (the/-) corner, and walked down (a/the/-) main street.

(A/the/-) couple of minutes later, I heard (a/the/-) noise. and (a/the/-) man wearing (a/the/-) grey leather jacket ran past me. At first, I thought he was trying to catch (the/-) bus which was waiting at (the/-) bus stop, but then (a/the/-) policeman appeared, running at (a/-) some speed. He was obviously chasing (a/the/-)
man in (a/the/-) leather jacket, and he was talking rapidly into (a/the/-) hand-held radio.

All three disappeared into (a/-) crowd of people, my bus arrived, and I got on. As (a/the/-) bus drove down (the/-)road, I saw (a/the/-) man again, walking casually through (a/the/-) crowd with his (the/-) coat over his shoulder. I could also see (a/the/-) second policeman, still talking into his radio. He was describing (a/-) man who no longer existed, (a/-) man wearing a jacket and running furiously: while (a/the/-) real criminal [if he was (a/-) criminal] walked slowly and casually into the station.

Ref: Longman Grammar Practice : For Intermediate Students
အားလံုးကိုေက်းဇူးတင္ပါတယ္။

 ____အေကာင္ေခ် (ေက်ာက္ရိုး)

 http://kyaukroevillage.blogspot.com/

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Reading Series: Story Reading:The Crow And The Pitcher

ဒီတေလာ ပံုျပင္ဖတ္စရာေတြပဲတင္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီေန႔လည္း ကမၻာေက်ာ္ အီစြတ္ ပံုျပင္တစ္ပုဒ္ကို တင္ေပးလိုက္ပါတယ္။ လူ႔ဘဝမွာ အခက္အခဲအက်ပ္အတည္းတစ္ခုျဖစ္ေနတဲ့အခါ ယင္းအက်ပ္အတည္း အခက္အခဲကို ဘယ္လိုေျဖရွင္းမလဲ။ ဇဝနဥာဏ္ရွိသူတို႔က ယင္းအခက္အခဲတို႔ကို ေက်ာ္လႊားႏိုင္ေလ့ရွိၾကတယ္။ ဒီ The Crow And The Pitcher - က်ီးကန္းငွက္ႏွင့္ေရကရား - ပံုျပင္တြင္လည္း လူသားေလာက္အသိဥာဏ္မရွိတဲ့ သတၱဝါက သူ႔ရဲ့အခက္အခဲကို ဘယ္လိုေက်ာ္လႊားခဲ့တယ္ဆိုတာကိုေတြ႔ရမွာျဖစ္တယ္။ ဒီပံုျပင္ကိုဖတ္ၿပီးေနာက္ သူငယ္ခ်င္းတို႔လည္း မွတ္သားစရာ အတုယူစရာတစ္ခုခုေတာ့ ရရွိၾကလိမ့္မည္ဟုယံုၾကည္ပါတယ္။


The Crow And The Pitcher
by Aesop

An illustration for the story The Crow And The Pitcher by the author Aesop
In a spell of dry weather, when the Birds could find very little to drink, a thirsty Crow found a pitcher with a little water in it. But the pitcher was high and had a narrow neck, and no matter how he tried, the Crow could not reach the water. The poor thing felt as if he must die of thirst.

Then an idea came to him. Picking up some small pebbles, he dropped them into the pitcher one by one. With each pebble the water rose a little higher until at last it was near enough so he could drink.

In a pinch a good use of our wits may help us out.


Vocabulary

in a spell of dry weather - ေျခာက္ေသြ႔တဲ့(ေႏြရာသီ)တြင္။
very little - နည္းနည္းေလး။
when the Birds could find very little to drink - ေက်းငွက္သာရကာတို႔ဟာ ေသာက္ေရနည္းနည္းေလးပဲေတြ႔ႏိုင္ေသာအခါတြင္။
a thirsty Crow  - ေရဆာေနတဲ့ က်ီးကန္းငွက္။
found - ရွာေဖြေတြ႔ရွိခဲ့သည္။
a pitcher - ေရကရားတစ္ခု။
with a little water in it - အထဲတြင္ ေရအနည္းငယ္ျဖင့္။
high - အျမင့္။
no matter - ကိစၥမရွိပါဘူး။
how he tried - သူဘယ္လိုႀကိဳးစားခဲ့တယ္ဆိုတာ။
could not reach the water - ေရကိုလွမ္းမမွီႏိုင္ခဲ့ေပ။
as if - သကဲ့သို႔။
must die of thirst - ေရဆာလို႔ေသဆံုးရမယ္။
then - ထိုေနာက္။
an idea came to him - သူက အင္ဒီယာတစ္ခုရလိုက္တယ္။
picking up - ေကာက္ယူ၍။ ေကာက္ယူရင္း။
some small pebbles - ေက်ာက္စရစ္ေသးေသးေလးမ်ား။
he dropped them into the pitcher one by one - ေက်ာက္စရစ္ခဲကေလးမ်ားကို ေရကရားထဲ့သို႔ တစ္လံုးခ်င္းစီပစ္ထည့္လိုက္သည္။
the water rose a little higher - ေရနည္းနည္းစီျမင့္တက္လာသည္။
in a pinch - တကယ္လိုအပ္ေနေသအေျခအေနတြင္။ အက်ပ္အတည္းႀကံဳေတြ႔ေနရခ်ိန္တြင္။
wit - ဇဝနညာဏ္။ ထိုးထြင္းညာဏ္။
help us out -  ငါတို႔ကိုကူညီသည္။

ပံုျပင္ဖတ္ယင္း အဂၤလိပ္စာတိုးတက္ႏိုင္ၾကပါေစ။

အားလံုးကိုေက်းဇူးတင္ပါတယ္။

 ____အေကာင္ေခ် (ေက်ာက္ရိုး)
 http://kyaukroevillage.blogspot.com/

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Reading Series: Story Reading: The Lark And Her Young Ones - ဘီလံုးငွက္မႏွင့္ သားသမီးမ်ား

Reading Series အတြက္ ကမၻာ့ေက်ာ္ အီဇြတ္ပံုျပင္ေလးတစ္ပုဒ္ကို ထပ္မံၿပီး တင္ျပေပးပါမယ္။ ပံုျပင္အမည္ကေတာ့ The Lark And Her Young Ones - ဘီလံုးငွက္မႏွင့္ သားသမီးမ်ား - ပဲျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အဂၤလိပ္စာ အေရးအသားေတြႏွင့္ အသံုးအႏႈန္းေတြလည္း ရိုးရိုးေလးပါပဲ။ စကားလံုးမ်ားႏွင့္ စကားစုမ်ားအကုန္ နီပါးကိုလည္း တတ္ႏိုင္သမွ် ဘာသာျပန္၍ ထည့္ေပးထားပါတယ္။ အဆင္ေျပလိမ့္မည္ဟု ေမွ်ာ္လင့္ပါတယ္။


The Lark And Her Young Ones
by Aesop

A Lark made her nest in a field of young wheat. As the days passed, the wheat stalks grew tall and the young birds, too, grew in strength. Then one day, when the ripe golden grain waved in the breeze, the Farmer and his son came into the field.

"This wheat is now ready for reaping," said the Farmer. "We must call in our neighbors and friends to help us harvest it."

The young Larks in their nest close by were much frightened, for they knew they would be in great danger if they did not leave the nest before the reapers came. When the Mother Lark returned with food for them, they told her what they had heard.

"Do not be frightened, children," said the Mother Lark. "If the Farmer said he would call in his neighbors and friends to help him do his work, this wheat will not be reaped for a while yet."

A few days later, the wheat was so ripe, that when the wind shook the stalks, a hail of wheat grains came rustling down on the young Larks' heads.

"If this wheat is not harvested at once," said the Farmer, "we shall lose half the crop. We cannot wait any longer for help from our friends. Tomorrow we must set to work, ourselves."

When the young Larks told their mother what they had heard that day, she said:

"Then we must be off at once. When a man decides to do his own work and not depend on any one else, then you may be sure there will be no more delay."

There was much fluttering and trying out of wings that afternoon, and at sunrise next day, when the Farmer and his son cut down the grain, they found an empty nest.

Self-help is the best help.

Vocabulary

• Lark - ဘီလံုးငွက္။
• in a field of young wheat - ဂ်ဳံပင္စိုက္ခင္းတြင္။
• As the days passed - ရက္ေတြၾကာလာၿပီးေနာက္/ ေသာခါ။
• the wheat stalks  - ဂ်ဳံပင္ရိုးတံမ်ား။ ဂ်ဳံပင္မ်ား။
• grew tall  - ျမင့္လာခဲ့သည္။
• grew in strength - ခြန္အားေတြျပည့္လာသည္။ 
• breeze - ေလေျပေလညွင္း
• when the ripe golden grain waved in the breeze - ေလထဲမွာ ေရႊေရာင္လႊမ္းၿပီးမွည့္ေနၿပီျဖစ္တဲ့ ဂ်ဳံေစ့ေတြေဝွ႔ယမ္းေနေသာအခါတြင္။
• came into the field - ေလကြင္းသို႔လာခဲ့သည္။ 
• be ready for reaping - ရိတ္သိမ္းဖို႔အဆင္သင့္ျဖစ္ၿပီ။
• call in - အကူအညီေတာင္းသည္။
• neighbors - အိမ္နီးခ်င္းမ်ား။
• harvest - ရိတ္သိမ္းသည္။ (စပါး၊ သီးႏွံစသည္တို႔ကို)
• the young Larks in their nest close by - အနီးအနားရွိ အသိုက္ထဲမွာ ဘီလံုးငွက္ေပါက္ကေလးမ်ား။
• were much frightened - အလြန္ေၾကာက္ရြံ႕သြားခဲ့ၾကသည္။
• for they knew they would be in great danger - ႀကီးစြာေသာဒုကၡႀကံဳေတြ႔ရေတာ့မယ္ဆိုတာကို သိေသာေၾကာင့္။
• if they did not leave the nest  - အသိုက္မွမထြက္သြားလွ်င္။
• before the reapers came - ဂ်ဳံရိတ္သိမ္းမယ့္သူမ်ားမလာမီ။
• for them - ဘီလံုးငွက္ေပါက္ကေလးမ်ားအတြက္။
• returned with food - အစာေရစာတို႔ျဖင့္ျပန္လာခဲ့သည္။
• they told her what they had heard - ဘီလံုးငွက္ေပါက္စကေလးမ်ားက သူတို႔ၾကားလိုက္သည့္အေၾကာင္းစံုကို သူတုိ႔မခင္အားေျပာၾကားခဲ့ၾကေလ၏။
• "Do not be frightened, children," said the Mother Lark. - မေၾကာက္ၾကပါနဲ႔သားတို႔ သမီးတို႔ေရဟု မိခင္ဘီလံုးငွက္ကေျပာ၏။
• to help him do his work - သူ႔(လယ္သမား)အလုပ္ကိုကူညီဖို႔ရန္။
• If the Farmer said he would call in his neighbors and friends - လယ္သမားက သူရဲ့အိမ္နီးနားခ်င္းမိတ္ေဆြတို႔အား အကူအညီေတာ္ဖို႔ ေျပာရင္။
• wheat - ဂ်ဳံ။
• not be reaped for a while yet - ေလာေလာစဥ္ေတာ့မမွည့္ေသးဘူး။
• A few days later - ရက္ေတြအနည္းငယ္ၾကာၿပီးေနာက္မွာေတာ့။
• so ripe - ေတာ္ေတာ္မွည့္လာၿပီျဖစ္ေသာ။
• when the wind shook the stalks - ဂ်ဳံပင္တို႔ကို ေလတိုက္ေသာအခါ။
• a hail of wheat grains - ဂ်ဳံေစ့မ်ား။
• came rustling down on the young Larks' heads - ဘီလံုးငွက္ေလးမ်ားေခါင္းေပၚသို႔ညြတ္က်လာသည္။
• "If this wheat is not harvested at once," - ဒီဂ်ဳံေတြကို ခ်က္ခ်င္းမရိတ္သိမ္းရင္ေတာ့။
• crop - ေကာက္ပဲသီးႏွံ။
• we shall lose half the crop - ဒီသီးႏွံေတြတစ္ဝက္ဆံုးရႈံးလိမ့္မယ္။
• cannot wait any longer for help from our friends - သူငယ္ခ်င္းေတြရဲ့အကူအညီကို မေစာင့္ႏိုင္ေတာ့ဘူး။
• we must set to work, ourselves - မနက္ဖန္ ငါတို႔ကိုယ္တိုင္အလုပ္စရမယ္။
• we must be off at once - ငါ့တို႔ခ်က္ခ်င္းေျပာင္းေရႊ႕ၾကရေတာ့မယ္။
• When a man decides to do his own work and not depend on any one else - တစ္ပါးသူကို အားမကိုးပဲ လူတစ္ေယာက္က သူ႔အလုပ္ကို (သူကိုယ္တိုင္)လုပ္ဖို႔ဆံုးျဖတ္ေသာခါ။ 
• may be sure  - ေသခ်ာမယ္။ ေသခ်ာတယ္။
• there will be no more delay - အခ်ိန္ေဆြးမေနေတာ့ဘူး။
• flutter - ေတာင္ပံခတ္သည္။ တဖ်ပ္ဖ်ပ္ပ်ံသည္။ 
• wings - ေတာင္ပံမ်ား။
• at sunrise next day - ေနာက္ေန႔ေနထြက္ခ်ိန္တြင္။
• cut down the grain - ဂ်ဳံရိတ္ခဲ့သည္။
• found an empty nest - ငွက္သိုက္အခြံကိုေတြ႔ခဲ့သည္။
• Self-help is the best help. - မိမိကိုယ္ကို ကူညီျခင္းသည္ အေကာင္းဆံုးကူညီျခင္းျဖစ္၏။

ပံုျပင္ဖတ္ရင္း ဗဟုသုတလည္းရ အဂၤလိပ္စာလည္း တိုးတက္ႏိုင္ၾကပါေစ။

အားလံုးကိုေက်းဇူးတင္ပါတယ္။
____အေကာင္ေခ် (ေက်ာက္ရိုး)
 http://kyaukroevillage.blogspot.com/

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Spoken short forms - အတိုေကာက္အသံုး အဂၤလိပ္စကားေျပာပံု

ဒီေန႔တင္ျပေပးမွာကေတာ့ အဂၤလိပ္စကားေျပာရာတြင္ အသံုးမ်ားတဲ့ Spoken short forms ကိုနည္းနည္း တင္ျပေပးပါမယ့္။ ဒီအသံုးအႏႈန္းေတြကို ေန႔စဥ္သံုးအဂၤလိပ္စကားေျပာေတြမွာ အၿမဲတမ္းေတြ႔ရွိႏိုင္သလို အဂၤလိပ္သီခ်င္းေတြမွာလည္း ေတြ႔ရတတ္ပါတယ္။ အဂၤလိပ္ဇာတ္ကားတို႔မွာဆိုရင္ အမ်ားႀကီးေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ မိတ္ေဆြတို႔အတြက္ အက်ဳိးရွိမယ္လို႔ယံုၾကည္ပါတယ္။ ဘယ္လိုအသံုးအႏႈန္းေတြလဲဆိုတာ ေလ့လာၾကည့္လိုက္ၾကရေအာင္။

gonna – going to - သြားေတာ့မလို႔။ သြားမလို႔။ သြားမယ္။ (be going to - အသံုးျပဳပံုအေသးစိပ္ေလ့လာရန္အတြက္ ဤေနရာတြင္ေလ့လာပါ)
I’m gonna watch a DVD.

wanna – want to  - သြားခ်င္သည္။ စားခ်င္သည္။
Do you wanna watch too?

whatcha – what are you -
Whatcha doing?  ခင္ဗ်ားဘာလုပ္ေနလဲ။

dunno - don’t know - မသိဘူး။
I dunno. ငါမသိဘူး။

gotta – got to (or got a)
I’ve gotta go now. - သြားရေတာ့မယ္။

hafta – have to
Do you hafta go already?

gimme – give me - ငါ့ကိုေပးပါ။
Gimme a call tomorrow. - မနက္ဖန္ဖုန္းခၚေနာ္။

lemme – let me - သိပါရေစ။ ခြင့္ျပဳသည္။
Lemme know what you think. မင္းစဥ္းစားေတြးေတာေနတာကို သိပါရေစလား။

kinda – kind of  - သနားၾကင္နာတတ္ေသာ၊ ႏွစ္သက္ဖြယ္ရာေကာင္းေသာ။
She’s kinda nice. သူမဟာ အလြန္ခ်စ္စရာေကာင္းတယ္။

အထူးသတိထားဖို႔က အထက္ပါ Spoken short forms ကို အသိမိတ္ေဆြအခ်င္းခ်င္းသာအသံုးမ်ားၿပီး အလုပ္အင္တာဗ်ဴးတို႔ စာစီစာကံုးအေရးသားတို႔တြင္ မသံုးသင့္ပါဘူး။

Ref: BBC Learning English

အားလံုးကိုေက်းဇူးတင္ပါတယ္။

____အေကာင္ေခ် (ေက်ာက္ရိုး)
 http://kyaukroevillage.blogspot.com/

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Reading Series: Short Stories - The Lion And The Mouse

Reading Story  က႑အတြက္ ဒီေန႔ ပံုျပင္ဖတ္စရာတစ္ပုဒ္ကိုတင္ေပးပါမယ္။ ျမန္မာပရိသတ္ေတြ မူလတန္းကတည္းသင္လာခဲ့ရတဲ့ ပံုျပင္ေလးပဲျဖစ္တယ္။ တကယ္ေတာ့ ဒီပံုျပင္ေလးဟာ ျမန္မာပရိသတ္ၾကားတြင္သာမက ကမၻာ့အႏွံ႔က ျပည္သူေတြၾကားတြင္ ေရပန္းစားတဲ့ ပံုျပင္ေလးပဲျဖစ္တယ္။ အဲဒါကေတာ့ Aesop (အီဇြတ္) ပံုျပင္ပါပဲ။ ပံုျပင္ရဲ့အမည္ကေတာ့ ျမန္မာေတြသိတဲ့ 'ေက်းဇူးသိတတ္ေသာ ၾကြက္ငယ္" The Lion And The Mouse (ျခေသၤ့ႏွင့္ ၾကြက္) ပံုျပင္ပဲျဖစ္တယ္။

The Lion And The Mouse
by Aesop

A Lion lay asleep in the forest, his great head resting on his paws. A timid little Mouse came upon him unexpectedly, and in her fright and haste to get away, ran across the Lion's nose. Roused from his nap, the Lion laid his huge paw angrily on the tiny creature to kill her.

"Spare me!" begged the poor Mouse. "Please let me go and some day I will surely repay you."

The Lion was much amused to think that a Mouse could ever help him. But he was generous and finally let the Mouse go.

Some days later, while stalking his prey in the forest, the Lion was caught in the toils of a hunter's net. Unable to free himself, he filled the forest with his angry roaring. The Mouse knew the voice and quickly found the Lion struggling in the net. Running to one of the great ropes that bound him, she gnawed it until it parted, and soon the Lion was free.

"You laughed when I said I would repay you," said the Mouse. "Now you see that even a Mouse can help a Lion."

Moral
A kindness is never wasted.


Vocabulary 

• lay asleep - အိပ္စက္အနားယူေနသည္။
• in the forest - ေတာအုပ္တြင္၊ ေတာထဲတြင္။
• great - ႀကီးမားေသာ။
• resting (rest, resting, rested, rested)  - တစ္ခုခုကိုတင္ထားေသာ။
• on his paws - သူ႔၏လက္ေပၚတြင္။
• his great head resting on his paws - လက္တြင္ ေခါင္းတင္လ်က္။
• timid - ေၾကာက္တတ္ေသာ။ ရွက္တတ္ေသာ။ တြန့္ဆုတ္တတ္ေသာ။
• unexpectedly - မေမွ်ာ္လင့္ဘဲ။
• came upon him - သူ႔(ျခေသၤ့)ကိုယ္ေပၚသို႔တက္လာခဲ့သည္။
• haste - ျမန္ျမန္ဆန္ဆန္၊ ျမန္ဆန္မႈ။
• fright - ေၾကာက္ရြံ႕ျခင္း။
• to get away - ထြက္ေျပးဖို႔။
• ran across the Lion's nose - ျခေသၤ့ႏွာေခါင္းက ျဖတ္ေျပးသည္။
• nap - ခဏေလး အိပ္စက္ျခင္း၊ သည္။
• roused from his nap  - ခဏေလးအိပ္စက္ျခင္းမွႏိုးထလာသည္။
• tiny - အလြန္ေသးေကြးေသာ။ ေသးငယ္ေသာ။ အနည္းငယ္ေသာ။
• laid his huge paw - လက္တင္လိုက္သည္။ 
• begged - ေတာင္းပန္ခဲ့သည္။
• Spare me! - ကၽြန္ေတာ္ကို ခြင့္လႊတ္ပါဗ်။ ကၽြန္ေတာ္ကိုမသတ္ပါနဲ႔ေနာ္။ 
• Please let me go - ေက်းဇူးျပဳ၍သြားခြင့္ျပဳပါ။
• repay you - ျပန္ကူညီမွာပါ။
• was much amused - ေတာ္ေတာ္ရယ္လိုက္မိတယ္။ 
• generous - သေဘာထားျကီးေသာ။
• finally let the Mouse go - ေနာက္ဆံုးေတာ့ ၾကြက္ကိုသြားခြင့္ျပဳလိုက္တယ္။
• Some days later - ရက္ေတြၾကာၿပီးေနာက္မွာ။
• while stalking his prey - သားေကာင္ကိုဖမ္းဖို႔လုပ္ေနစဥ္တြင္
• the Lion was caught in the toils of a hunter's net - မုဆိုးေထာင္ထားေသာ ပိုက္တြင္ၿငိသည္။
•  Unable to free - မလြတ္ႏိုင္။ လြတ္ေျမာက္ဖို႔မတတ္ႏိုင္။
• he filled the forest with his angry roaring - ျခေသၤ့၏ေဒါသသံတို႔ျဖင့္ တေတာလံုးျမည္ဟီးသြားခဲ့ေလသည္။
• knew the voice - အသံကိုသိလိုက္သည္။
• quickly - လွ်င္ျပန္စြာ။ 
• found the Lion struggling in the net - ပိုက္ကြန္ထဲတြင္ ရုန္းကန္ေနေသာ ျခေသၤ့ကိုေတြ႔လိုက္သည္။
• one of the great ropes that bound him - ႀကိဳးေခ်ာင္းႀကီးမ်ားထဲမွ ျခေသၤ့ႀကီးအား ခ်ည္ေႏွာင္ထားေသာ ႀကိဳးတစ္ေခ်ာင္း။
• gnawed - ကိုက္ျဖတ္ခဲ့သည္။
• parted - တစစီကြဲသြားခဲ့သည္။
• soon - မၾကာခင္။
• the Lion was free - ျခေသၤ့လြတ္သြားခဲ့ေလသည္။
• You laughed when I said I would repay you - ျခေသၤ့မင္းကို ငါ့ေက်းဇူးျပန္ဆပ္ပါမယ့္လို႔ေျပာခဲ့တုန္းက ျခေသၤ့မင္းရယ္ခဲ့တယ္ေလ။
• Now you see that even a Mouse can help a Lion - အခုေတာ့ ၾကြက္ကေလးတစ္ေကာင္ကေတာင္မွ ျခေသၤ့မင္းကို ကူညီႏိုင္တယ္ဆိုတာ သင္ေတြ႔ျမင္လိုက္ရၿပီပဲ။
• A kindness is never wasted - သနားၾကင္နာျခင္းဟာ ဘယ္ေတာ့မွ အခ်ည္းအႏွီးမျဖစ္ပါဘူး။

ပံုျပင္ဖတ္ရင္း ဗဟုသုတလည္းရ အဂၤလိပ္စာလည္း တိုးတက္ႏိုင္ၾကပါေစ။
အားလံုးကိုေက်းဇူးတင္ပါတယ္။

____အေကာင္ေခ် (ေက်ာက္ရိုး)
 http://kyaukroevillage.blogspot.com/

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Although, even though, despite, in spite of - အသံုးအႏႈန္းမ်ား

although,  even though, despite, in spite of - အသံုးအႏႈန္းမ်ား

although,  even though, despite, in spite of - " ေသာ္လည္း။ ေသာ္ျငားလည္း။ သို႔ေသာ္လည္း " ဟုအဓိပၸါယ္အတူတူပင္ျဖစ္သည္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ အသံုးျပဳနည္းကေတာ့ လံုးဝကိုမတူပါဘူး။ ဘာေၾကာင့္လဲဆိုေတာ့ although ႏွင့္ even though တို႔ဟာ စကားဆက္ (Conjunction) ျဖစ္ျဖစ္တယ္။ အတိအက်ေျပာရရင္ေတာ့ Subordinating Conjunction  ဟုေခၚတယ္။ despite ႏွင့္ in spite of တို႔ကေတာ့ ဝိဘတ္ (preposition)  ျဖစ္လို႔ပါပဲ။ သဒၵါနည္းအရ Conjunction နဲ႔ Phrase တုိ႔ အသံုးျပဳပံု အသံုးျပဳနည္း လံုးဝကိုျခားနားလွပါတယ္။

although,  even though တို႔ျဖင့္ေရးသားထားေသာ ဝါက်တို႔ကို Complex Sentence (ခက္ခဲရႈပ္ေထြးေသာဝါက်) ဟုေခၚတယ္။ Clause အမ်ဳိးအစားအေနျဖင့္ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ Adverbial Clause (ႀကိယာဝိေသသနဝါက်) အမ်ဳိးအစားျဖစ္ၿပီး၊ ႀကိယာဝိေသသနဝါက်အမ်ဳိးအစားတို႔တြင္ Adverbial Clause of Concession/ Contrast အမ်ဳိးအစားျဖစ္၏။

despite, in spite of တို႔ျဖင့္ေျပာင္းလဲေရးသားလိုက္ပါ Simple Sentence (ရိုးရိုးဝါက်) ျဖစ္သြားတယ္။ ေဖာ္မ်ဴလာကိုေလ့လာၾကည့္ၾကရေအာင္။

Though/ Even though + Sentence (S+V+ O.....) , Sentence (S+V+O...)
Despite / In spite of + V-ing / Noun....., Sentence (S+V+O...)

Sentence (S+V+O...) though/ even though + Sentence (S+V+ O.....)
Sentence (S+V+O...)  despite / in spite of + V-ing / Noun.....

အထူးမွတ္သားဖို႔က
Conjunction ရဲ့ေနာက္က Sentence အၿမဲလိုက္တယ္ (Conjunction+ Sentence (S+V+O..) ။ Preposition ရဲ့ေနာက္မွာေတာ့ Noun ပုဒ္ သို႔မဟုတ္ V-ing သာလိုက္တယ္ (Preposition + Noun/ V-ing...)။ although,  even though, despite, in spite of တို႔ကို ဝါက်ရဲ့အစတြင္ေရးသားေသာအခါ အလယ္တြင္ေကာ္မာ Comma (,) ထည့္ေပးရၿပီး၊ ၄င္းတို႔အား ေနာက္တြင္ထားက ေကာ္မာ Comma (,) ထည့္ရန္မလိုအပ္ေပ။

ဥပမာ။ ။

Even though he's a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat. (Complex Sentence)
>> Despite / in spite of being a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat. (Simple Sentence)
သူသည္ သန္းၾကြယ္သူေဌးတစ္ဦးျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း တိုက္ခန္းေသးေသးေလးတစ္ခန္းမွာေနတယ္။

He lives in a very small flat even though he's a millionaire.
>> He lives in a very small flat despite / in spite of being a millionaire.
သူသည္ သန္းၾကြယ္သူေဌးတစ္ဦးျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း တိုက္ခန္းေသးေသးေလးတစ္ခန္းမွာေနတယ္။

Although / even though he's much older than the others, he won the race.
>> Despite / in spite of being much older than the others, he won the race.
သူသည္ အျခားသူမ်ားထက္ အသက္အရြယ္ႀကီးေနၿပီျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း ၿပိဳင္ပြဲတြင္ အႏိုင္ရရွိခဲ့တယ္။

He won the race although / even though he's much older than the others.
>> He won the race despite / in spite of being much older than the others.
သူသည္ အျခားသူမ်ားထက္ အသက္အရြယ္ႀကီးေနၿပီျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း ၿပိဳင္ပြဲတြင္ အႏိုင္ရရွိခဲ့တယ္။

Even though / although it rained a lot, I enjoyed the holiday.
>> Despite / in spite of the rain, I enjoyed the holiday.
မိုးသည္းထန္စြာရြာသြန္းေနခဲ့ေသာ္လည္း ကၽြန္ေတာ္ကေတာ့ အားလပ္ရက္မွာ ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။

Even though / although they have a lot of money, they're still not happy.
>> Despite / in spite of their money, they're still not happy.
သူတို႔ဟာ ပိုက္ဆံတစ္ပံုႀကီးရွိၾကေပမယ့္ (ခုထိ)မေပ်ာ္ရႊင္ၾကပါဘူး။

Even though/ though it was the heavy traffic (the trafic was heavy), we got there on time.
>> Despite/ In spite of the heavy traffic, we got there on time. Or
>> In spite of / despite the traffic being heavy, we got there on time.
မီးပြဳိင့္ေတြ တအားပိတ္ေနခဲ့ေပမယ့္ ငါတို႔ အခ်ိန္ကိုက္ေရာက္ခဲ့တယ္။

မွတ္ခ်က္။  ။ 

Though/ Even Though + S+ V+ Adj တို႔ျဖင့္ေရးသားေသာအခါ Despite/ In spite of +being+ Adj ပံုစံအတိုင္းေရးသားႏိုင္သကဲ့သို႔ Adj ကို Noun ေျပာင္းၿပီး Despite/ In spite of + Noun ပံုစံျဖင့္လည္း ေရးသားႏိုင္သည္။ ေအာက္ပါ ဝါက်တို႔ေလ့လာၾကည့္ပါ။

Adjective ကို Noun သို႔ေျပာင္းပံု (အဘိဓာန္ကိုရွာၾကည့္ဖို႔တိုက္တြန္းပါတယ္)
rich (adj) >> richness (N)
poor (adj) >> poverty (N)
young (adj) >> youth (N)
healthy (adj) >> health (N)
clever (adj) >> cleverness (N)

Though/ Even though he is rich, he is not conceited.
>> Despite/ In spite of richness, he is not conceited. Or
>> Despite/ In spite of being rich, he is not conceited.
ခ်မ္းသာေပမယ့္ သူက မာနမႀကီးဘူး။

He is not conceited even though/ though he is rich.
>> He is not conceited despite/ in spite of richness. Or
>> He is not conceited despite/ in spite of being rich.
ခ်မ္းသာေပမယ့္ သူက မာနမႀကီးဘူး။

Though/ Even though San San is a teacher, she is not conceited.
>> Despite/ In spite of a teacher, San San is not conceited. Or
>> Despite/ In spite of being a teacher, San San is not conceited.
ဆရာမတစ္ေယာက္ျဖစ္ေပမယ့္ စန္းစမ္းဟာ မာနမႀကီးဘူး။

She is not kind to the patients though/ even though she is a nurse.
She is not kind to the patients despite/ in spite of being a nurse.
She is not kind to the patients despite/ in spite of a nurse.
သူမဟာ သူနာျပဳဆရာမတစ္ေယာက္ျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း လူနာေတြကို ၾကင္နာမႈမရွိဘူး။


အထူးမွတ္ခ်က္။  ။ 
In spite of the fact that  သို႔မဟုတ္ despite the fact that တို႔ျဖင့္ေရးသားလိုက ၄င္းတို႔ေနာက္က Sentence သာလိုက္ရသည္ (In spite of / despite the fact that + S+V+0.....) ။ Complex Sentence ျဖစ္၏။

In spite of / despite the fact that he is much older than the others, he won the race.
>>> In spite of / despite being much older than the others, he won the race.
သူသည္ အျခားသူမ်ားထက္ အသက္အရြယ္ႀကီးေနၿပီျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း ၿပိဳင္ပြဲတြင္ အႏိုင္ရရွိခဲ့တယ္။

အားလံုးကိုေက်းဇူးတင္ပါတယ္။

____အေကာင္ေခ် (ေက်ာက္ရိုး)

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