Although, even though, despite, in spite of - အသံုးအႏႈန္းမ်ား

although,  even though, despite, in spite of - အသံုးအႏႈန္းမ်ား

although,  even though, despite, in spite of - " ေသာ္လည္း။ ေသာ္ျငားလည္း။ သို႔ေသာ္လည္း " ဟုအဓိပၸါယ္အတူတူပင္ျဖစ္သည္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ အသံုးျပဳနည္းကေတာ့ လံုးဝကိုမတူပါဘူး။ ဘာေၾကာင့္လဲဆိုေတာ့ although ႏွင့္ even though တို႔ဟာ စကားဆက္ (Conjunction) ျဖစ္ျဖစ္တယ္။ အတိအက်ေျပာရရင္ေတာ့ Subordinating Conjunction  ဟုေခၚတယ္။ despite ႏွင့္ in spite of တို႔ကေတာ့ ဝိဘတ္ (preposition)  ျဖစ္လို႔ပါပဲ။ သဒၵါနည္းအရ Conjunction နဲ႔ Phrase တုိ႔ အသံုးျပဳပံု အသံုးျပဳနည္း လံုးဝကိုျခားနားလွပါတယ္။

although,  even though တို႔ျဖင့္ေရးသားထားေသာ ဝါက်တို႔ကို Complex Sentence (ခက္ခဲရႈပ္ေထြးေသာဝါက်) ဟုေခၚတယ္။ Clause အမ်ဳိးအစားအေနျဖင့္ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ Adverbial Clause (ႀကိယာဝိေသသနဝါက်) အမ်ဳိးအစားျဖစ္ၿပီး၊ ႀကိယာဝိေသသနဝါက်အမ်ဳိးအစားတို႔တြင္ Adverbial Clause of Concession/ Contrast အမ်ဳိးအစားျဖစ္၏။

despite, in spite of တို႔ျဖင့္ေျပာင္းလဲေရးသားလိုက္ပါ Simple Sentence (ရိုးရိုးဝါက်) ျဖစ္သြားတယ္။ ေဖာ္မ်ဴလာကိုေလ့လာၾကည့္ၾကရေအာင္။

Though/ Even though + Sentence (S+V+ O.....) , Sentence (S+V+O...)
Despite / In spite of + V-ing / Noun....., Sentence (S+V+O...)

Sentence (S+V+O...) though/ even though + Sentence (S+V+ O.....)
Sentence (S+V+O...)  despite / in spite of + V-ing / Noun.....

အထူးမွတ္သားဖို႔က
Conjunction ရဲ့ေနာက္က Sentence အၿမဲလိုက္တယ္ (Conjunction+ Sentence (S+V+O..) ။ Preposition ရဲ့ေနာက္မွာေတာ့ Noun ပုဒ္ သို႔မဟုတ္ V-ing သာလိုက္တယ္ (Preposition + Noun/ V-ing...)။ although,  even though, despite, in spite of တို႔ကို ဝါက်ရဲ့အစတြင္ေရးသားေသာအခါ အလယ္တြင္ေကာ္မာ Comma (,) ထည့္ေပးရၿပီး၊ ၄င္းတို႔အား ေနာက္တြင္ထားက ေကာ္မာ Comma (,) ထည့္ရန္မလိုအပ္ေပ။

ဥပမာ။ ။

Even though he's a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat. (Complex Sentence)
>> Despite / in spite of being a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat. (Simple Sentence)
သူသည္ သန္းၾကြယ္သူေဌးတစ္ဦးျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း တိုက္ခန္းေသးေသးေလးတစ္ခန္းမွာေနတယ္။

He lives in a very small flat even though he's a millionaire.
>> He lives in a very small flat despite / in spite of being a millionaire.
သူသည္ သန္းၾကြယ္သူေဌးတစ္ဦးျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း တိုက္ခန္းေသးေသးေလးတစ္ခန္းမွာေနတယ္။

Although / even though he's much older than the others, he won the race.
>> Despite / in spite of being much older than the others, he won the race.
သူသည္ အျခားသူမ်ားထက္ အသက္အရြယ္ႀကီးေနၿပီျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း ၿပိဳင္ပြဲတြင္ အႏိုင္ရရွိခဲ့တယ္။

He won the race although / even though he's much older than the others.
>> He won the race despite / in spite of being much older than the others.
သူသည္ အျခားသူမ်ားထက္ အသက္အရြယ္ႀကီးေနၿပီျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း ၿပိဳင္ပြဲတြင္ အႏိုင္ရရွိခဲ့တယ္။

Even though / although it rained a lot, I enjoyed the holiday.
>> Despite / in spite of the rain, I enjoyed the holiday.
မိုးသည္းထန္စြာရြာသြန္းေနခဲ့ေသာ္လည္း ကၽြန္ေတာ္ကေတာ့ အားလပ္ရက္မွာ ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။

Even though / although they have a lot of money, they're still not happy.
>> Despite / in spite of their money, they're still not happy.
သူတို႔ဟာ ပိုက္ဆံတစ္ပံုႀကီးရွိၾကေပမယ့္ (ခုထိ)မေပ်ာ္ရႊင္ၾကပါဘူး။

Even though/ though it was the heavy traffic (the trafic was heavy), we got there on time.
>> Despite/ In spite of the heavy traffic, we got there on time. Or
>> In spite of / despite the traffic being heavy, we got there on time.
မီးပြဳိင့္ေတြ တအားပိတ္ေနခဲ့ေပမယ့္ ငါတို႔ အခ်ိန္ကိုက္ေရာက္ခဲ့တယ္။

မွတ္ခ်က္။  ။ 

Though/ Even Though + S+ V+ Adj တို႔ျဖင့္ေရးသားေသာအခါ Despite/ In spite of +being+ Adj ပံုစံအတိုင္းေရးသားႏိုင္သကဲ့သို႔ Adj ကို Noun ေျပာင္းၿပီး Despite/ In spite of + Noun ပံုစံျဖင့္လည္း ေရးသားႏိုင္သည္။ ေအာက္ပါ ဝါက်တို႔ေလ့လာၾကည့္ပါ။

Adjective ကို Noun သို႔ေျပာင္းပံု (အဘိဓာန္ကိုရွာၾကည့္ဖို႔တိုက္တြန္းပါတယ္)
rich (adj) >> richness (N)
poor (adj) >> poverty (N)
young (adj) >> youth (N)
healthy (adj) >> health (N)
clever (adj) >> cleverness (N)

Though/ Even though he is rich, he is not conceited.
>> Despite/ In spite of richness, he is not conceited. Or
>> Despite/ In spite of being rich, he is not conceited.
ခ်မ္းသာေပမယ့္ သူက မာနမႀကီးဘူး။

He is not conceited even though/ though he is rich.
>> He is not conceited despite/ in spite of richness. Or
>> He is not conceited despite/ in spite of being rich.
ခ်မ္းသာေပမယ့္ သူက မာနမႀကီးဘူး။

Though/ Even though San San is a teacher, she is not conceited.
>> Despite/ In spite of a teacher, San San is not conceited. Or
>> Despite/ In spite of being a teacher, San San is not conceited.
ဆရာမတစ္ေယာက္ျဖစ္ေပမယ့္ စန္းစမ္းဟာ မာနမႀကီးဘူး။

She is not kind to the patients though/ even though she is a nurse.
She is not kind to the patients despite/ in spite of being a nurse.
She is not kind to the patients despite/ in spite of a nurse.
သူမဟာ သူနာျပဳဆရာမတစ္ေယာက္ျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း လူနာေတြကို ၾကင္နာမႈမရွိဘူး။


အထူးမွတ္ခ်က္။  ။ 
In spite of the fact that  သို႔မဟုတ္ despite the fact that တို႔ျဖင့္ေရးသားလိုက ၄င္းတို႔ေနာက္က Sentence သာလိုက္ရသည္ (In spite of / despite the fact that + S+V+0.....) ။ Complex Sentence ျဖစ္၏။

In spite of / despite the fact that he is much older than the others, he won the race.
>>> In spite of / despite being much older than the others, he won the race.
သူသည္ အျခားသူမ်ားထက္ အသက္အရြယ္ႀကီးေနၿပီျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း ၿပိဳင္ပြဲတြင္ အႏိုင္ရရွိခဲ့တယ္။

အားလံုးကိုေက်းဇူးတင္ပါတယ္။

____အေကာင္ေခ် (ေက်ာက္ရိုး)

 http://kyaukroevillage.blogspot.com/

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I wish..... .... ျဖစ္ခ်င္စမ္းပါဘိ။ ျဖစ္ရင္ေကာင္းမွာဘဲ။ သြားခ်င္စမ္းပါဘိ။သြားရင္ေကာင္းမွာဘဲ။

"မျဖစ္ခဲ့တာကို စဥ္းစားျခင္း၊ ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ေျခမရွိတာကိုေတြးေတာျခင္း" စသည္တို႔ကိုေရးသားေျပာဆို လိုေသာအခါတြင္  "I wish..... .... ျဖစ္ခ်င္စမ္းပါဘိ။ ျဖစ္ရင္ေကာင္းမွာဘဲ။ သြားခ်င္စမ္းပါဘိ။သြားရင္ေကာင္းမွာဘဲ။" ___  I wish+ S+ Past tense....... ___ Pattern ျဖင့္ေရးသားေျပာဆိုရသည္။

လက္ရွိအခ်ိန္တြင္ လူတစ္ေယာက္က တပတ္မွာ ၅ ရက္အလုပ္လုပ္ရတယ္ဆိုပါစို႔။ ဒါေပမယ့္ အဲဒီ ၅ ရက္အလုပ္လုပ္ရတာကို အဲဒီလူက ၿငီးေငြ႔ၿပီးေတာ့ "ကၽြန္ေတာ္ကေတာ့ဗ်ာ တပတ္မွာ ၃ ရက္သာ အလုပ္လုပ္ခ်င္စမ္းပါဘိ" (တပတ္မွာ ၃ ရက္သာအလုပ္ဆင္းရရင္ ဘယ္ေလာက္ေကာင္းမွာလဲ)။
I work five days a week.
ကၽြန္ေတာ္ဟာ တပတ္မွာ ၅ ရက္အလုပ္လုပ္ရတယ္။ (ယခုလက္ရွိ အလုပ္ဆင္းေနရသည့္ ရက္အေရအတြက္)
အဲဒါကို "ကၽြန္ေတာ္ကေတာ့ဗ်ာ တပတ္မွာ ၃ ရက္သာ အလုပ္လုပ္ခ်င္စမ္းပါဘိ (တပတ္မွာ ၃ ရက္သာအလုပ္ဆင္းရရင္ ဘယ္ေလာက္ေကာင္းမွာလဲ)" ဟု အေတြးပံုစံျဖင့္ေရးသားေျပာဆိုမယ္ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ ___  I wish+ S+ Past tense....... ___ျဖင့္ေရးသားရတယ္။

ဥပမာ။ ။

ပစၥဳပၸန္ကာလအတြက္

 >>I work five days a week. 
ကၽြန္ေတာ္ တပတ္မွာ ၅ ရက္အလုပ္လုပ္တယ္။
I wish I worked only three days a week.
ကၽြန္ေတာ္ကေတာ့ဗ်ာ တပတ္သံုးရက္သာ အလုပ္လုပ္ခ်င္တာ။ (တစ္ပတ္ ၃ ရက္သာ အလုပ္လုပ္ခ်င္းစမ္းပါဘိ။ တစ္ပတ္မွာ သံုးရက္သာ အလုပ္လုပ္ရရင္ ဘယ္ေလာက္ေကာင္းမွာလဲ။)

>> You are not here. 
မင္းက ဒီမွာမရွိဘူး။
I wish you were here.
မင္းကို ဒီမွာရွိေနေစခ်င္းလိုက္ပါဘိ။

>> I am not near you.
ငါဟာ မင္းအနားမွာမရွိဘူး။
I wish I were near you.
မင္းအနားမွာပဲရွိခ်င္စမ္းပါဘိ။


အတိတ္ကာလအတြက္
အတိတ္က ျပဳလုပ္ခဲ့သည့္ အတြက္ ေနာင္တရေသာအခါ --

>> I worked five days a week last year.
လြန္ခဲ့တဲ့ႏွစ္က ကၽြန္ေတာ္ဟာ တစ္ပတ္မွာ ၅ ရက္အလုပ္လုပ္ခဲ့တယ္။
I wish I had worked only three days a week last year.
ၿပီးခဲ့တဲ့ႏွစ္က တစ္ပတ္မွာ သံုးရက္သာ အလုပ္လုပ္ခဲ့ရင္သိပ္ေကာင္းမွာပဲ။

>> I did not study English last year.
ၿပီးခဲ့တဲ့ႏွစ္က ကၽြန္ေတာ္ အဂၤလိပ္စာမသင္ခဲ့ဘူး။
I wish I had studied English last year.
ၿပီးခဲ့တဲ့ႏွစ္က အဂၤလိပ္စာကိုသာေလ့လာခဲ့ရင္ သိပ္ေကာင္းမွာပဲ။


အထူးမွတ္ထားဖို႔ကေတာ့  
____လက္ရွိပစၥဳပၸန္ မ်က္ေမွာက္ကာလတြင္ "အလုပ္တစ္ခုကို လုပ္ေနတယ္။ ဒါမွမဟုတ္ ခ်စ္သူနဲ႔ေဝးေနတယ္။ အိမ္ႏွင့္ေဝးေနတယ္"  အဲဒီအလုပ္ကို မလုပ္ခ်င္ဘူး။ ဒါေပမယ့္ လုပ္ေနရတယ္။ ခ်စ္သူနဲ႔မေဝးခ်င္ဘူး ဒါေပမယ့္ ေဝးေနရတယ္။ အိမ္နဲ႔မေဝးခ်င္ဘူး။ ဒါေပမယ့္ ေဝးေနရတယ္။ အဲဒီလိုအေျခမ်ဳိးမွာ ပစၥဳပၸန္ကာလအတြက္ ေပးထားတဲ့ပံုစံျဖင့္ေရးသားေျပာဆိုရပါတယ္။
____အတိတ္ကာမွာ ျဖစ္ပ်က္ခဲ့သည္ ေနာင္တရသည့္အခါတြင္ "ခ်စ္သူနဲ႔ေဝးေနခဲ့တယ္။ အလုပ္ကိုလုပ္ေနခဲ့တယ္။ အိမ္ႏွင့္ေဝးေနခဲ့တယ္" အဲဒါကို ျပန္လည္၍ တမ္းတေျပာဆိုေသာအခါတြင္ အတိတ္ကာလအတြက္ ေပးထားေသာ ပံုစံုျဖင့္ေရးသားေျပာဆိုရတယ္။



အားလံုးကိုေက်းဇူးတင္ပါတယ္။
 ____အေကာင္ေခ် (ေက်ာက္ရိုး)
 http://kyaukroevillage.blogspot.com/

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There is .... / There are .... အသံုးအႏႈန္းမ်ား

အဂၤလိပ္စာေလ့လာရာတြင္ There is .... /  There are .... အသံုးအႏႈန္းမ်ား ဆိုတာ အလယ္တန္းအထက္တန္း ေက်ာင္းသူ/သားတို႔ကိုသာမက တကၠသိုလ္ေက်ာင္းသူ/သားမ်ားကိုပါ ဒုကၡႀကီးႀကီးေပးေလ့ရွိတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ There is .... /  There are .... ျဖင့္ေရးသားတဲ့အတခါ ေတာ္ေတာ္မ်ားမ်ား မွားတတ္ၾကတယ္။
ဒီေန႔ေတာ့ There is .... /  There are .... အသံုးအႏႈန္းမ်ား နဲ႔ပတ္သက္၍ အလြယ္ကူဆံုးနည္းကို ေလ့လာၾကာရေအာင္။ ကိုင္...ဘယ္လိုသံုးၾကမလဲ။

There is .... /  There are .... ကိုသံုးမယ္ဆိုရင္ ေအာက္ပါ စည္းကမ္းခ်က္မ်ားကို ေၾကညက္ေအာင္ ေလ့လာက်က္မွတ္ထားဖို႔တိုက္တြန္းပါတယ္။

 There is .... /  There are .... ကို အသံုးရသည့္ေနရာ

There is .... /  There are .... ကို
(၁)Article (အာတီကယ္ - နာမ္ညႊန္းစကားလံုး) "a, an" ပါေသာ ကတၱားပုဒ္မ်ား (a boy, a book, an apple, etc.)
(၂) Some, all, any, no စသည့္ ပမာဏျပ နာမဝိေသသနပါေသာ ကတၱားမ်ား (all students, no one, etc.)
(၃) Two, three, many, a few စသည့္ သခ်ၤာျပနာမဝိေသသနပါေသာ ကတၱားမ်ား (three books, many apples, etc.)
(၄) Countable Plural Noun ကတၱားမ်ား ( books, students, girls, etc.)
(၅) Uncountable Singular Noun ကတၱားမ်ား (milk, sand, gold, etc.)
(၆) ယူနစ္တစ္ခုရဲ့အစိပ္အပိုင္းမ်ား
(၇) Some, anyone, no one, something, anything, nothing စသည့္မတိက်၊ မေသခ်ာေသာ လူ/ အရာဝတၳဳတို႔ရွိျခင္း တို႔ကို There is .... /  There are .... အသံုးအႏႈန္းမ်ားျဖင့္ ေရးသားေျပာဆိုရေလသည္။

-- Countable Nouns ႏွင့္ Uncountable Nouns တို႔ကို ဤေနရာတြင္ ေလ့လာပါ။
-- Singular Nouns ႏွင့္ Plural Nouns တို႔ကို ဤေနရာတြင္ ေလ့လာပါ။
-- Adjective အမ်ဳိးအစားမ်ားကို ဤေနရာတြင္ေလ့လာပါ။
-- Articles အေၾကာင္းကို ဤေနရာတြင္ ေလ့လာပါ။

ဥပမာ။ ။
(a) There is a girl in the class room.
စာသင္ခန္းထဲတြင္ ေကာင္းမေလးတစ္ေယာက္ရွိတယ္။
(b) A girl is in the class room.

(a) There will be some girls in the class.
သင္တန္းထဲမွာ ေကာင္းမေလးအခ်ဳိ႕ရွိၾကလိမ့္မည္။
(b) Some girls will be in the class.

(a) There were boys in the room.
ေကာင္းေလးေတြ အခန္းထဲတြင္ရွိၾကတယ္။
(b) Boys were in the room.

(a) There will be milk in the bottle.
ပုလင္းထဲမွာႏို႔ရွိမွာပါ။
(b) Milk will be in the bottle.

(a) There are 60 seconds in a minute.
တစ္မိနစ္တြင္ စကၠန္႔ေျခာက္ဆယ္ရွိတယ္။
(b) 60 seconds are in a minute.

(a) There are 24 hours in a day.
တစ္ရက္မွာ ၂၄ နာရီရွိတယ္။
(b) 24 hours are in a day.

(a) There is nobody in the office.
ရံုးခန္းထဲမွာ ဘယ္သူမွမရွိဘူး။
(b) Nobody is in the office.

(a) There are seven days in a week.
တစ္ပတ္မွာ ၇ ရက္ရွိတယ္။
(b) Seven days are in a week.

မွတ္ခ်က္။ ။ 
အထက္ပါ ဥပမာဝါက်အသီးသီးရွိ (a) ႏွင့္ (b) တို႔တြင္ (b) ဝါက်ပံုစံလည္း သဒၵါ (Grammar) နည္းအရ လံုးဝမွန္ကန္၏။ သို႔ေသာ္လည္း Usage မရွိ။ ထိုေၾကာင့္ (a) ပံုစံ There is..../ There are... ျဖင့္သာေရးသား ေျပာဆိုပါေလ။ 
________________________

 There is .... /  There are .... ကို အသံုးမျပဳရသည့္ေနရာ 

There is .... /  There are .... ကို
(၁) the, this, that, these, those  ပါေသာ ကတၱားမ်ား
(၂) I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they နာမ္စား ကတၱားမ်ား
(၃) my, our, your, his, her, theirs, its တို႔ျဖင့္တြဲထားေသာ (my book, his sisters, etc.) ကတၱားမ်ား တို႔ျဖင့္ လံုးဝ (လံုးဝ) မသံုးရ။

ဥပမာ။  
ေအာက္ပါကဲ့သို႔မေရးရပါ။

There am I in the class room.
ကၽြန္ေတာ္ စာသင္ခန္းထဲမွာရွိတယ္။

There are the books on the table.
စာမ်ားဟာ စားပြဲေပၚတြင္ရွိၾကတယ္။

There is your sister in the office.
မင္းရဲ့ညီမေလးဟာ ရံုးခန္းထဲမွာရွိတယ္။


အထက္ပါဝါက်တို႔အား ေအာက္ပါကဲ့သို႔ေရးသားရေလသည္။

I am in the class.
ကၽြန္ေတာ္ စာသင္ခန္းထဲမွာရွိတယ္။

The books are on the table.
စာမ်ားဟာ စားပြဲေပၚတြင္ရွိၾကတယ္။

Your sister is in the office.
မင္းရဲ့ညီမေလးဟာ ရံုးခန္းထဲမွာရွိတယ္။

မွတ္ခ်က္။  ။ There will be.... ဟုသံုးေသာ္လည္း There shall be .... ဟုမသံုးရ။ 
There is....../ There are....../ There was..../ There were...../ There will be..... စသည္ျဖင့္ မိမိေရး ေျပာခ်င္ေသာကာလကိုၾကည့္၍ ေရးသားပါေလ။ 

အားလံုးကိုေက်းဇူးတင္ပါတယ္။
 ____အေကာင္ေခ် (ေက်ာက္ရိုး)
 http://kyaukroevillage.blogspot.com/

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Vocabulary : Body ခႏၶာကိုယ္႐ွိ ေဝါဟာရမ်ား

ဒီေန႔ကေတာ့ လူတစ္ေယာက္ရဲ့ ခႏၶာကိုယ္႐ွိေပၚမွာ ပါသမွ်ေတြကို စုစည္းတင္ေပးလိုက္ပါတယ္။

Hair = ဆံပင္
Brain = ဦးေႏွာက္
Scalp = ဦးေခါင္းအ ေရျပား
Skull = ဦးေခါင္းခြံ
Dandruff = ေဗာက္,ဒက္
Forehead = နဖူး
Nerve = အာရံုေၾကာ
Eye = မ်က္စိ
Eyeball = မ်က္လံုး
Eyebrow = မ်က္ခံုးေမႊး
Eyelash = မ်က္ေတာင္
Eyelid = မ်က္ခြံ
Pupil = မ်က္စိသူငယ္အိမ္
Cataract = မ်က္စိအတြင္းတိမ္
Tear = မ်က္ ရည္
Pimple = ၀က္ျခံ
Blackhead = မွဲ႔ေျခာက္
Mole = မွဲ႔
Scar = အနာရြတ္
Nose = ႏွာေခါင္း
Nostril = ႏွာေခါင္းေပါက္
Temple = နားထင္
Cheek = ပါး
Lip = ႏွဳတ္ခမ္း
Mouth = ပါးစပ္
Tooth = သြား
Teeth = သြားမ်ား
Saliva = သြားရည္
Spit, Spittle = တံေတြး
Canine tooth = အစြယ္သြား
Molar tooth = အံသြား
Wisdom tooth = အံဆံုး
Incisor tooth = ေရွ႕သြား
Gum = သြားဖံုး
Tongue = လွ်ာ
Palate = အာေခါင္
Tonsil = အာသီး
Nape = ဇက္ပိုး
Dimple = ပါးခ်ိဳင့္
Chin = ေမးေစ့
Jaw = ေမးရိုး
Moustache, Mustache = ႏွဳတ္ခမ္းေမႊး
Beard = မုတ္ဆိတ္ေမႊး
Sideburns = ပါးသိုင္းေမႊး
Neck = လည္ပင္း
Throat = လည္ေခ်ာင္း
Shoulder = ပခံုး
Back = ေနာက္ေက်ာ
Spine = ေက်ာရိုး
Chest = ရင္ ဘတ္, ရင္အံု
Breast = ရင္ အုတ္, သားျမတ္
Nipple = ႏို႔သီး
Muscle = ၾကြက္သား
Arm = လက္ေမာင္း
Armpit = ခ်ိဳင္း
Biceps = လက္ေမာင္းၾကြက္သား
Hand = လက္(လက္ေကာက္၀တ္အထက္အစိတ္အပိုင္း)
Elbow = တံ ေတာင္ ဆစ္
Wrist = လက္ေကာက္၀တ္
Palm = လက္ဖ၀ါး..
Back of the hand = လက္ဖမိုး
Finger = လက္ေခ်ာင္း
Thumb = လက္မ
First finger, Index finger = လက္ညိဳး
Second finger, Middle finger = လက္ခလယ္
Third finger, Ring finger = လက္သူၾကြယ္
Little finger = လက္သန္း
Kunckle = လက္ဆစ္
Fingernail = လက္သည္း
Fingerprint = လက္ေဗြရာ
Fingertip = လက္ေခ်ာင္းထိပ္, လက္ဖ်ား
Fist = လက္သီး
Liver = အသည္း
Heart = ႏွလံုး
Lung = အဆုတ္
Kidney = ေက်ာက္ကပ္
Rib = နံရိုး
Belly = ၀မ္းဗိုက္
Stomach = အစာအိမ္
Intestine = အူ
Colon = အူမ
Bowel = အူသိမ္အူမ
Navel = ခ်က္
Waist = ခါး
Gall = သည္းေျခ
Womb = သားအိမ္, ၀မ္းဗိုက္
Uterous = သားအိမ္
Blood = ေသြး
Bladder = ဆီးအိမ္
Urine = ဆီး
Anus = စအို
Excrement , Feces, Ordure, Stool = ၀မ္း,မစင္
Rectum = စအိုလမ္းေၾကာင္း, အူမၾကီး
ေအာက္ဆံုးပိုင္းမစင္ အိတ္
Sweat = ေခၽြး
Vein = ေသြးျပန္ေၾကာ
Main vein = ေသြးျပန္ေၾကာမၾကီး
Artery = ေသြးလႊတ္ေၾကာ
Aorta = ေသြးလႊတ္ေၾကာမၾကီး
Capillary = ဆံခ်ည္မွ်င္ေသြးေၾကာ
Hip, Buttock = တင္ ပါး
Thigh = ေပါင္
Knee = ဒူး
Calf = ေျခသလံုး
Leg = ေျခ ေထာက္
Shin = ညိဳ႕သက်ည္း
Foot = ေျခ ေထာက္ (ေျခမ်က္ေစ့ေအာက္ပိုင္း)
Ankle = ေျခက်င္း၀တ္
Lateral malleolus = ေျခမ်က္ေစ့
Instep = ေျခဖမိုး
Heel = ေျခဖ ေနာင့္
Sole = ေျခဖ၀ါး
Toe = ေျခ ေခ်ာင္း
Big toe = ေျခမ..
Toenail = ေျခသည္း
Bone = အရိုး
Skin = အ ေရ ျပား
Flesh = အသား

___Credit: Original Writer 

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Vocabulary: Health and fitness

ဒီေန႔ Vocabulary က႑အတြက္ကေတာ့ က်န္းမာေရးႏွင့္ ကိုယ္ကာယအလွဆိုင္ရာေလ့က်င့္ခန္းႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ စကားလံုးအခ်ဳိ႕ကိုတင္ျပေပးပါမယ္။

Taking exercise - ေလ့က်င့္ခန္းျပဳလုပ္ျခင္း

do - ျပဳလုပ္သည္
warm - အပူေပးသည္။ ေႏြးေအာင္လုပ္သည္
pull - ဆြဲသည္။
keep - သိမ္းဆည္းသည္
injure - ဒဏ္ရာရသည္
lift - မ,သည္။

keep fit - ကိုယ္ကာယလွပဖို႔အတြက္ေလ့ခန္းျပဳလုပ္သည္။
warm up - ေသြးပူေလ့က်င့္သည္
do some stretching exercise - ကိုယ္ခႏၶာကိုယ္ကို ဘယ္ညာယိမ္း၍ ေလ့က်င့္ခန္းလုပ္သည္။
lift weights - အေလးမ,သည္
pull a muscle - ၾကြက္သားကိုလက္ႏွစ္ဘက္ျဖင့္ ႏွိပ္ေပးသည္
injure a joint (your knee/ back) - (ဒူးဆစ္) အဆစ္ဒဏ္ရာရသည္


A Health lifestyle - က်န္းမာေသာ ဘဝေနထိုင္မႈ

lose - ေပ်ာက္ဆံုးသည္။
give up - လက္ေျမွာက္သည္။ အဆံုးေပးသည္။ ရပ္တန္႔သည္။
eat - စားသည္
take - ယူေဆာင္သည္။ စားသည္။
get - ရရွိသည္။ ေရာက္ရွိသည္။
cut down on - က်န္းမာေရးအတြက္ အစားအေသာက္ေလ်ာ့စားသည္

eat a healthy diet - အဟာရျပည့္ဝ၍က်န္းမာေရးႏွင့္ကိုက္ညီေသာအစားအစာကိုစားသည္
lose weight/ pull on weight - ကိုယ္အေလးခ်ိန္က်သည္။
cut down on sugar/ fat - သၾကားေလ်ာ့စားသည္။
take vitamins - ဗီတာမင္ဓာတ္ျပည့္ဝေသာ အစားအစာ စားသည္
give up smoking/ junk food - ေဆးလိပ္ျဖတ္သည္။ အသင့္ျပင္ၿပီးသား အစားအေသာက္ (ပီစာ စသည္) တို႔ကို ျဖတ္လိုက္သည္။
get a good night's sleep - အိပ္ေရးဝဝ အိပ္သည္။

go jogging - ေျပးသည္။ (ေလ့က်င့္ခန္းအတြက္ ေျဖးေျဖးေျပးသည္)
go swimming - ေရသြားကူးသည္။
go cycling - စက္ဘီးသြားစီးသည္
go  skiing - ႏွင္းေလ်ာ့ သြားစီးသည္

go for a walk - လမ္းေလ်ာက္ထြက္သည္
go for a swim - ေရကူးဖို႔သြားသည္
go for a run - ေျပးဖို႔သြားသည္
go to the gym - အားကစားရံုသို႔သြားသည္။
go to an exercise class - ေလ့က်င့္ခန္းလုပ္သည့္ သင္တန္းသို႔သြားသည္
go to a tennis club - တန္းနစ္ကလပ္သို႔သြားသည္

____ Tom Hutchinson ေရးတဲ့ English for Life, Intermediate Student's Book စာအုပ္မွ ကူးယူေဖာ္ျပပါသည္။

 

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Omusubi Kororin (The Tumbling Rice Balls)

A Folktale from Japan

Once upon a time, an old couple lived in the countryside. They were happy, but they were poor.

One day, the old man went to work in the forest and took his usual lunch of three rice balls. During lunch, he dropped a rice ball, and it rolled into a hole in the ground.

He heard happy singing coming from the hole, so he dropped the other two rice balls into it. Inside the hole, some mice were having a party. They thanked him for the rice balls and invited him to join them.

After a while, the mice told him to choose a box as a reward for his generosity. He could choose a big box, or he could choose a small one. He thought about taking a big box, but he finally chose a small one. Back at home, he and his wife discovered that the box was full of gold coins.

A greedy neighbor heard about their good fortune and quickly made plans to visit the same hole. At the hole, he pushed several rice balls into it, and sure enough, the mice invited him in.

The greedy man wanted all of the mice's gold, so he pretended to be a cat. He started meowing loudly, and the frightened mice ran away.

The gold disappeared with the mice, so the greedy man got nothing, not even a rice ball.

Vocabulary

tumble (tumble, tumbling, tumbled, tumbled) - လိမ့္က်သည္

countryside - ေတာရြာေက်းလက္

sure enough - ေမွ်ာင္လင့္ထားသကဲ့သို႔ျဖစ္လာသည္

Once upon a time- တစ္ခ်ိန္တုန္းက၊ ဟိုး…ေရွးေရွးတုန္းက

mice-ၾကြက္မ်ား

mouse-ၾကြက္

in the forest- ေတာအုပ္တြင္ ၊ ေတာအုပ္သို႔

took- (take, taking, took, taken) - ယူေဆာင္ခဲ့သည္

his usual lunch of three rice balls - သူရဲ့ပံုမွန္ယူေနက်ေန႔လည္စာ ထမင္းဆုပ္ သံုးဆုပ္ (ေဘာလံုးေလးကို လံုးထားေသာ ထမင္းဆုပ္)

during lunch- ေန႔လည္စာစားေနစဥ္တြင္

dropped- (drop, dropping, dropped, dropped) - လႊင့္/လႊတ္ခ်လိုက္ခဲ့သည္

into a hole in the ground-ေျမႀကီးရွိ အေခါင္းထဲသို႔

heard- (hear, hearing, heard, hear) - ၾကားခဲ့သည္

happy singing coming from the hole-အေခါင္းထဲမွထြက္လာေပၚသည့္ ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္ေသာသီဆိုသံ

into it-ထိုအေခါင္းထဲသို႔

inside the hole-တြင္းေခါင္းထဲမွာ / အေခါင္းထဲမွာ

having a party - ပါတီပြဲတစ္ခုက်င္းပေနၾကသည္။ ပါတီပြဲတစ္ခု ရွိေနသည္

thanked him for  (thank, thanking, thanked, thanked)- အတြက္ သူ႔ကိုေက်းဇူးတင္သည္

invited (invite inviting, invited, invited) - ဖိတ္ၾကားသည္။ ဖိတ္မန္တကျပဳသည္

to join them - သူတို႔ (ၾကြက္မ်ား)ႏွင့္အတူပါဝင္ဆင္ႏြဲဖို႔

after a while - ခဏၾကာၿပီးတဲ့ေနာက္မွာေတာ့

as a reward - လက္ေဆာင္ ဆုေၾကးတစ္ခုအေနျဖင့္ /အျဖစ္

for his generosity - သူ႔ရဲ့ရက္ရက္ေရာေရာေပးကမ္းလွဴဒါန္းမႈအတြက္

thought (think, thinking, thought, thought) ေတြးေတာသည္။ စဥ္းစားသည္

think about +V-ing - ဖို႔စဥ္းစားသည္

about taking a big box - ေသတၱာႀကီးကိုယူဖို႔

finally - ေနာက္ဆံုးမွာေတာ့

back at home - အိမ္သို႔ျပန္ေရာက္ေသာအခါ

discovered (discover, discovering, discovered, discovered) - ေတြ႔ရွိခဲ့သည္။ ရွာေဖြေတြ႔ရွိခဲ့သည္။

was full of gold coins - ေရႊဒဂၤါးမ်ားျဖင့္ျပည့္ေနသည္

a greedy neighbor-ေလာဘႀကီးေသာ အိမ္နီးနားခ်င္းတစ္ေယာက္

about their good fortune - သူတို႔ကံေကာင္းတာႏွင့္ပတ္သက္လို႔

fortune - ကံတရား။  

good fortune - ကံေကာင္းေသာ

 quickly - အေဆာ့တလ်င္ ။ အလ်င္အျမန္။ လ်င္ျမန္စြာ 

made plans (make, making, made,made)- အစီအစဥ္မ်ားေရးဆြဲခဲ့သည္။

pushed (push, pushing, pushed, pushed) - တြန္းခ်လိုက္သည္။ လွိမ့္ခ်လိုက္သည္

several - မ်ားစြာေသာ

invited him in - သူ႔ကို အေခါင္းထဲသို႔ဖိတ္ၾကားခဲ့သည္

wanted (want, wanting, wanted, wanted) - လိုခ်င္ခဲ့သည္

all of the mice's gold - ၾကြက္ေတြမွရွိတဲ့ေရႊအားလံုးကို

pretended (pretend, pretending. pretended, pretended) - ဟန္ေဆာင္သည္။ အေယာင္ေဆာင္သည္

he pretended to be a cat - သူဟာ ၾကြက္ဟန္ေဆာင္ခဲ့သည္။ ၾကြက္အေယာင္ေဆာင္ခဲ့သည္။

started meowing loudly - မိေညာင္ဟု အသံအက်ယ္ႀကီးေအာ္လိုက္သည္။

loudly  - က်ယ္ေလာင္စြာ

meowing (meow, meowing, meowed, meowed) - မိေညာင္ဟုေအာ္သည္ (ေၾကာင္ေအာ္သည္)

miaow (US) - မိေညာင္ဟုေအာ္သည္ (ေၾကာင္ေအာ္သည္)

the frightened mice ran away - ၾကြက္မ်ားဟာ ေၾကာက္ရြံ႕၍ေျပးၾကကုန္၏

frightened - ေၾကာက္ရြံ႕ေသာ

ran away (run, running, ran, run) - အေဝးသို႔ထြက္ေျပးၾကသည္

disappeared (disappear, disappearing, disappeared, disappeared) – ေပ်ာက္ကြယ္သြားသည္

appear - ေပၚထြက္လာသည္။ ေပၚလာသည္

with the mice - ၾကြက္မ်ားႏွင့္အတူ

got nothing (get, getting, got, gotten or got)- ဘာမွမရခဲ့ဘူး။

not even a rice ball - ထမင္းဆုပ္ေလးတစ္ဆုပ္ေတာင္ မရခဲ့ဘူး။ 

____Ref: The Longman Academic Writing Series Level 3 : Introduction to Academic Writing - Page 29  မွ ကူးယူေဖာ္ျပသည္။

____အေက်ာင္ေခ် (ေက်ာက္ရိုး)

၁၅-၀-၂၀၁၅

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Vocabulary Skills

aggressive (adj) - ရန္လိုေသာ
big-headed (adj) - မိမိုကိုယ္ကို အထင္ႀကီးေသာ
compatible (adj) - လိုက္ဖက္ေသာ
cruel (adj) - ရက္စက္ေသာ၊ ၾကမ္းၾကဳတ္ေသာ
neat (adj) - ေသသပ္ေသာ
punctual (adj) - အခ်ိန္ကိုက္ျဖစ္ေသာ၊ ေနာက္မက်ေသာ

ေအာက္ပါကြက္လပ္တို႔တြင္ အထက္တြင္ေပးထားေသာ Adjective တို႔ျဖင့္ မွန္ကန္စြာျဖည့္ေပးပါ။

a. ____________ carefully arranged and looking nice
b. ____________ behaving in a way that shows you think you are very important or intelligent
c. some who is __________ enjoys causing pain to other people or animals
d. ____________ behaving in an angry or rude way
e. ____________ arriving or happening at the time agreed on
f. ____________ likely to have a good relationship because of being similar

happy (adj) - ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္ေသာ
happiness (n) - ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္မႈ
happily (adv) ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္စြာ
enjoyable (adj) - ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္ေသာ
enjoyment (n) - ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္မႈ
enjoyably (adv) - ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္စြာ
pleasing (adj) - ဝမ္းသာအားရျဖစ္ေသာ
pleasure (n) - ဝမ္းသာအားရျဖစ္မႈ
pleasingly (adv) - ဝမ္းသာအားရစြာ
amusing (adj) - ရႊင္ျမဴးဖြယ္ရာျဖစ္ေသာ
amusement (n) - ရႊင္ျမဴးဖြယ္ရာ
amusingly (adv) - ရႊင္ျမဴးစြာ

ေအာက္ပါကြက္လပ္တို႔တြင္ အထက္တြင္ ေပးထားေသာ (adj/ n/ adv ) တို႔ကိုမွန္ကတ္စြာျဖည့္ေပးပါ။

a. We all laughed a lot because the joke was so ___________.
b. "It was a ___________ to meet you, Mr. Jones."
c. Sally and Tom said the party was really ________________.
d. "Thank you for a wonderful evening," I said ____________.
e. I finally found ___________ the day I met Clarissa.

___ အေကာင္ေခ် (ေက်ာက္ရိုး)
၁၄ - ၀၈ - ၂၀၁၅

မွတ္ခ်က္။  ။ ဆရာ့တီကရတဲ့ Hand out ကေနကူးယူေဖာ္ျပပါသည္။

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The Key to Happiness

Read this text. Then choose which statements you can infer.

The key to happiness may be great relationships with family and friends, or it might be a full and busy life. It could be having a job that you really enjoy. But whatever the key is for you, you must try to make it happen! If you're not happy, you should ask yourself why and try to change things. Think about your abilities and interests. What are you doing at? What do you like doing? What kind of life do you want to have? You don't have to change everything immediately, but never think that what you want is impossible. What you decide to change, you shouldn't worry about what other people may think. Just do it!

1. It's always good to be busy.
2. Different things make different people happy.
3. It's important to change your situation if you are unhappy.
4. Married people are happier than single people.
5. It's important to listen to the advice of other people.

Modal Verbs

Possibility (ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ေျခကိုေဖာ္ျခင္း) -- may, might, could  - ႏိုင္သည္။
The key to happiness may/ might/ could be great relationship.

Impossibility (ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ေျခမရွိေၾကာင္းေဖာ္ျပျခင္း) -- can't - မ..... ႏိုင္။
Some people say you can't be happy without money.

Strong Obligation (ေလးေလးနက္နက္ျပင္းျပင္းထန္ထန္အႀကံျပဳခ်က္ကိုေဖာ္ျပျခင္း) -- must - ရမယ္။ 
Whatever the key is for you, you must try to make it happen.

Weak Obligation (သာမန္အႀကံျပဳခ်က္ကိုေဖာ္ျပျခင္း) - should - သင့္သည္။
If you're not happy, you should ask yourself why.

No Obligation (မလိုအပ္ေၾကာင္းကိုေဖာ္ျပျခင္း) - don't have to - မလိုအပ္ဘူး။
You don't have to change everything immediately.


Study the modal verbs above, and then choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

1. Believe it or not, you _____ be rich to be happy.
(a)  must not   (b)  shouldn't (c)  don't have to  (d) might not

2. Continuing to do a job you dislike _______make you unhappy.
(a) should (b) could (c) shall (d) ought to

3. Expert agree that you _____ except to be completely happy all the time.
(a) shall not (b) may not (c) should not to (d) shouldn't

4.  Happiness _______ be connected to religious beliefs, too.
(a) would (b) had better (c) shall (d) might

5.  Some people think that you _______ measure happiness.
(a) wouldn't (b) can't (c) must not (d) may not

6.  It _____ sound strange, but the best way to find out is simply to ask yourself "How happy am I?"
(a) can't (b) would (c) might (d) should

7. Research shows that you _____ be healthy to be happy, but it helps.
(a) shouldn't (b) can't (c) don't have to (d) must not

8.  To say happy in difficult situations, you ______ keep thinking positively.
(a) must (b) must not (c) can't (d) might not



မွတ္ခ်က္။  ။ ဆရာ့တီကရတဲ့ Hand out ကေနကူးယူေဖာ္ျပပါသည္။

____အေကာင္ေခ် (ေက်ာက္ရိုး)
၀၃-၀၈-၂၀၁၅

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ဘာသာျပန္အပိုင္းအစမ်ား (၂) ႐ု႐ွားစစ္ေလယာဥ္မ်ားအား စံုစမ္းေထာက္လွန္ဖို႔အတြက္ RAF ဂ်က္တိုက္ေလယာဥ္မ်ားအား အေရးေပၚေစႊလႊတ္ခဲ့

RAF fighter jets scrambled to investigate Russian planes
႐ု႐ွားစစ္ေလယာဥ္မ်ားအား စံုစမ္းေထာက္လွန္ဖို႔အတြက္ RAF ဂ်က္တိုက္ေလယာဥ္မ်ားအား အေရးေပၚေစႊလႊတ္ခဲ့

(2)

Fighter jets were scrambled after two Russian military aircraft were spotted approaching UK airspace, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) has said.

Royal Air Force Typhoon fighter jets took off from RAF Leuchars in St Andrews, Fife, on Wednesday.
ဗုဒၶဟူးေန႔က ေတာ္ဝင္ေလတပ္တိုင္ဖုန္း(Royal Air Force Typhoon) ဂ်က္တိုက္ေလယာဥ္မ်ားဟာ စိန္႔အန္ဒေရာ (St Andrews) ႏွင့္ ဖိဖီ (Fife) ႐ွိ RAF Leuchars မွ ပ်ံတက္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။

= Royal Air Force - ေတာ္ဝင္ေလတပ္မေတာ္
= take off - ေျမျပင္မွပ်ံတက္သည္ (ေလယာဥ္)
take off, taking off, took off, taken off


(3)
The jets were sent to investigate the Russian planes, which are believed to have turned away shortly afterwards.
မ်ားမၾကာမီေနာက္မွာေတာ့ ျပန္လည္လွည့္ျပန္သြားတယ္ဟု ယံုၾကည္ရတဲ့ ႐ု႐ွားေလယာဥ္တို႔ကို  စံုးစစ္ေဆးဖို႔ရန္အတြက္ (RAF) ဂ်က္တိုက္ေလယာဥ္တို႔အား လႊတ္လိုက္ပါတယ္။

(႐ု႐ွားေလယာဥ္တို႔ကို  စံုးစစ္ေဆးဖို႔ရန္အတြက္ (RAF) ဂ်က္တိုက္ေလယာဥ္တို႔အား လႊတ္လိုက္ပါတယ္။ 
၎႐ု႐ွား ေလယာဥ္ေတြဟာ မ်ားမၾကာမီေနာက္မွာေတာ့ ျပန္လည္လွည့္ျပန္သြားတယ္ဟု ယံုၾကည္ရပါတယ္။)

=jets (n) - ဂ်က္တိုက္ေလယာဥ္မ်ား။
=to investigate (infinite)- စံုစမ္းစစ္ေဆးဖို႔/ရန္အတြက္။
= the Russian planes - ႐ု႐ွားေလယာဥ္မ်ား။
= believed (v3) believe, believing, believed, believed, - ယံုၾကည္ရသည္။ ယံုၾကည္သည္။
=turn away - အေဝးကိုလွည့္ျပန္သြားသည္။
=afterwards (adv) - ေနာက္မွ။
=shortly  (adv)  -  တိုေတာင္းစြာ။ အခ်ိန္တိုအတြင္း။

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ဥပမာဝါက်မ်ား
======
 S+Be+V3 - ခံရေၾကာင္းကိုျပျခင္း (Passive Voice)
The jets were sent. (Passive Voice)
ဂ်က္တိုက္ေလယာဥ္တို႔ကို ပို႔လိုက္သည္/ လႊတ္လိုက္ခဲ့သည္။
Some sent the jets. (Active Voice)
တစ္ေယာက္ေယာက္က ဂ်က္ေလယာဥ္ေတြကို လႊတ္လိုက္ခဲ့သည္။
The tourist were robed on the beach yesterday.
မေန႔က ကမ္းေျခမွာ ခရီးသည္ေတြလုယက္ျခင္းကို ခံခဲ့ၾကရတယ္။

N+ which+ V
the Russian planes, which are believed - ယံုၾကည္ရေသာ ႐ု႐ွားေလယာဥ္မ်ား
 (which ဟာ Relative Pronoun (conjunction) ျဖစ္တယ္။ ဒါကို Adjective Clause ဟုေခၚတယ္။ ၎ Which က the Russian planes ကိုအထူးျပဳတယ္။)

Who - ဘယ္သူသည္ (လူ - Subject)
Whom - သယ္သူ႔ကို (လူ - Object)
With whom - ဘယ္သူႏွင့္ (လူ - Preposition)
Which - ဘယ္အရာ (အရာဝတၳဳ ႏွင့္ တိရစၧာန္ - Subject ႏွင့္ Object)
That -  ဘယ္အရာ (လူ၊ အရာဝတၳဳႏွင့္ တိရစၧာန္ - Subject ႏွင့္ Object)

San San who is a nurse - နာ့စ္မေလးတစ္ေယာက္ျဖစ္ေသာ စန္းစန္း။
Twan Twan who is kissed - အနမ္းခံရေသာ ထြန္းထြန္း
The books which/ that were bought yesterday - မေန႔ကဝယ္ခဲ့ေသာစာအုပ္မ်ား
San San with whom I have studied English ငါ့ႏွင့္အတူ အဂၤလိပ္စာ ေလ့လာဖူးေသာ စန္းစန္း

I love San San who is a nurse.
နာ့စ္မေလးတစ္ေယာက္ျဖစ္တဲ့ စန္းစန္းကို ငါခ်စ္တယ္။
San San who is a nurse is my younger sister.
နာ့စ္မေလးတစ္ဦးျဖစ္ေသာ စန္းစန္းဟာ ငါ့ရဲ့ ညီမငယ္ေလးတစ္ေယာက္ျဖစ္တယ္။
The books which/ that were bought yesterday are very popular now.
မေန႔က ငါဝယ္ခဲ့တဲ့ စာအုပ္က အခုအခ်ိန္မွာ ေတာ္ေတာ့္ကို ေပၚပ်ဴလာျဖစ္ေနတယ္။
Do you want to read  The books which/ that were bought yesterday?
မေန႔က ငါဝယ္ခဲ့တဲ့ စာအုပ္ကို ခင္ဗ်ားဖတ္ခ်င္လား။

RAF fighter planes were scrambled to incidents such as this eight times last year, an MOD spokesman said.

=scramble - (v) (ေလယာဥ္) အေရးေပၚခ်က္ခ်င္းပ်ံတက္သည္။
=incidents - (n)  ျဖစ္ရပ္မ်ား
=spokesman - (n) ေျပာေရးဆိုခြင့္ရွိသူ


http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-27130125?ocid=socialflow_facebook

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Common Verbs to Study by Heart = အလြတ္က်က္မွတ္ရန္အသံုးမ်ားေသာ ႀကိယာမ်ား

Common Verbs to Study by Heart = အလြတ္က်က္မွတ္ရန္အသံုးမ်ားေသာ ႀကိယာမ်ား

Come	= လာသည္	Go abroad	= ႏိုင္ငံျခားကိုသြားသည္
Close	= ပိတ္သည္	Open	= ဖြင့္သည္
Sit	= ထိုင္သည္	Stand	= မတ္တပ္ရပ္သည္
wake up	= အိပ္ရာမွ ႏိုးသည္	Get up	= အိပ္ရာမွ ထသည္
Eat	= စားသည္	Drink	= ေသာက္
Have	= စားသည္၊ ေသာက္သည္၊ ပိုင္႐ွိသည္	Sleep	= အိပ္သည္
Tell	= ေျပာျပသည္	Speak	= စကားေျပာသည္
Dance	= ကသည္	Jump	= ခုန္သည္
Walk	= လမ္းေလွ်ာက္သည္	Look at	= ၾကည့္သည္
Look for	= ႐ွာေဖြသည္	Look after	= ၾကည့္႐ႈေစာင့္ေ႐ွာက္သည္
Look down	= အထင္အျမင္ေသးသည္	Read	= စာဖတ္သည္
Write	= စာေရးသည္	Break	= ခ်ဳိးဖဲ့သည္
Turn	= လွည့္သည္	Apply (for)	= (အလုပ္စသည္)ေလွ်ာက္ထားသည္
Live (in)	= ေနသည္	Stay	= ခဏေနသည္
Take	= ေသာက္/စား/ ယူေဆာင္သည္	Wash	= ေလွ်ာ္ဖြပ္သည္
Switch on	= ခလုတ္ဖြင့္သည္	Switch off	= ခလုတ္ပိတ္သည္
Turn on	= ခလုတ္ဖြင့္သည္	Turn off	= ခလုတ္ပိတ္သည္
Die	= ေသဆံုးသည္	Pass away	= အနိစၥေရာက္သည္
Drive	= ေမာင္းႏွင္သည္	Ride	= စီးသည္
Watch	= ေစာင့္ၾကည့္သည္	Draw	= ေရးဆြဲသည္
Swim	= ေရကူးသည္	Get dressed	= အဝတ္လဲသည္၊ ဝတ္ဆင္သည္
Attend	= တက္ေရာက္သည္	Type	စာ႐ိုက္သည္
Spend	= အခ်ိန္ျဖဳန္းသည္	Differ	= ျခားနားသည္
Bear	= ေမြးဖြားသည္၊ အသီးသီးသည္	Build	= တည္ေဆာက္သည္
Succeed	= ေအာင္ျမင္သည္	Meet	= ေတြ႔ဆံုသည္
Prepare	= ျပင္ဆင္သည္ (အသင့္ျဖစ္ေအာင္)	Excite	= စိတ္လႈပ္႐ွားေစသည္
Take interest in	= စိတ္ဝင္စားသည္	Cook	= ခ်က္ျပဳတ္သည္
Destroy	= ဖ်က္ဆီးသည္	Discuss (with)	= ေဆြးေႏြးသည္
Agree (with/to)	=  သေဘာတူညီသည္	Guess	= ခန္႔မွန္းသည္
Explain	= ႐ွင္းျပသည္	Depend (on/upon)	= မွီခိုသည္၊ အမွီျပဳသည္
Remember	= သတိရသည္	Recognize	= ႐ုပ္ရည္ကိုမွတ္မိသည္
Finish	= ၿပီးဆံုးသည္	Waste	= ျဖဳန္းတီးသည္
Can’t resist + V-ing	= (မစားဘဲ) မေနႏိုင္	Fry	= ဆီျဖင့္ေၾကာ္သည္
Interest	= စိတ္ဝင္စားေစသည္	Please	= ႏွစ္သက္သေဘာက်ေစသည္
Annoy	= စိတ္အေႏွာင့္အယွက္ျဖစ္ေစသည္	Disappoint	= စိတ္မေက်မနပ္ျဖစ္ေစသည္
Infect	= ကူးစက္သည္	Rain	= မိုး႐ြာသည္
Ruin	= ပ်က္စီးသည္	Satisfy	= ေက်နပ္ေစသည္
Attract	= ဆြဲေဆာင္သည္	Act	= ျပဳမူလႈပ္႐ွားသည္
Obey	= နာခံသည္	Help	= ကူညီသည္
Care	= ဂ႐ုစိုက္သည္	Take care of	=ဂ႐ုစိုက္သည္
Doubt	= သံသယ႐ွိသည္	Desire	= ဆႏၵ႐ွိသည္
Believe	= ယံုၾကည္သည္	Complete	= ၿပီးျပည့္စံုေစသည္
Effect	= ထိေရာက္သည္	Affect	= ထိခိုက္ပ်က္ျပားေစသည္
Continue	= ဆက္လက္သည္	Disturb	= ေႏွာင့္ယွက္သည္
Hope	= ေမွ်ာ္လင့္သည္	Happen	= ျဖစ္ပ်က္သည္
Manage	= စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္သည္	Marry	= လက္ထပ္သည္
Engage	= ေစ့စပ္သည္	Brush	= ပြတ္တိုက္သည္
Deliver	= ေပးပို႔သည္	Boast	= ၾကြားဝါသည္
Increase	= တိုးတက္လာသည္	Decrease	= ဆုတ္ယုတ္လာသည္
Boil	= ဆူပြက္သည္၊ က်ဳိခ်က္သည္၊ ျပဳတ္သည္ (ၾကက္ဥစသည္..)	Operate	= စက္ပစၥည္းစသည္ကို ကိုင္တြယ္ အသံုးျပဳသည္
Confess	= ဝန္ခံသည္၊ ေဒသနာၾကားသည္	Respect	= ႐ိုေသ/ ေလးစားသည္
Quarrel (with)	= ရန္ျဖစ္သည္	Produce	= ထုတ္လုပ္သည္
Operate on	= လူနာကိုခြဲစိတ္သည္	Confirm	= အတည္ျပဳသည္
Declare	= ေၾကညာသည္ (စစ္/အေရးတႀကီးကိစၥ စသည္..)	Appoint	= အခုပ္ခန္႔သည္၊ ခ်ိန္းခ်က္သည္
Wait (for)	= ေစာင့္သည္	Admire	= ေလးစားၾကည္ညိဳသည္
Honour	= ဂုဏ္ျပဳသည္	Advertise	= ေၾကာ္ျငာသည္
Advise	အႀကံေပးသည္	Allow	= ခြင့္ျပဳသည္
Arrange	= စီစဥ္သည္	Ashame	= အ႐ွက္တကြဲျဖစ္ေစသည္
Attempt	= ႀကိဳးစားသည္	Blame	= အျပစ္တင္သည္
Broadcast	= သတင္းေၾကညာ အသံလြင့္သည္	Cancel	= ပယ္ဖ်က္သည္
Check	= စစ္ေဆးသည္	Choose	= ေ႐ြးခ်ယ္သည္
Escape	= လြတ္ေျမာက္သည္	Examine	= စစ္ေဆးသည္
Frighten	= ၿခိမမ္းေျခာက္သည္	Guide	= လမ္းညႊန္သည္
Know	= သိသည္	Imagine	= ေတြးေတာသည္
Celebrate	= ပြဲလမ္းသဘင္က်င္းပသည္	Develop	= ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္သည္
Hate	= မုန္းတီးသည္	Improve	= တုိးတက္ေကာင္းမြန္ေစသည္
Import	= ႏိုင္ငံျခားမွ ကုန္ပစၥည္းမ်ား တင္သြင္းသည္	Export	= ႏိုင္ငံျခားသို႔ ကုန္ပစၥည္းမ်ား တင္ပို႔သည္
Inform	= သတင္းေပးပို႔သည္	Intend	= ရည္႐ြယ္သည္
Keep	= သိမ္းဆည္းသည္	Knock (at)	= (တံခါး) ေခါက္သည္
Manufacture	= ကုန္ပစၥည္းျပဳလုပ္သည္	Pretend	= ဟန္ေဆာင္သည္
Realize	= အမွန္ကိုသိျမင္သည္	Rent	= (အိမ္ စသည္ကို..) ငွားသည္
Request	= ပန္ၾကားသည္	Scatter	= ျပန္႔ႀကဲသည္
Search	= ႐ွာေဖြသည္	Surprise	= အံ့ၾသသင့္ေစသည္
Tear	=ဆုပ္ၿဖဲသည္	Translate	= ဘာသာျပန္သည္
Travel	= ခရီးသြားသည္	Trouble	= ဒုကၡေပးသည္
Visit	= အလည္အပတ္သြားသည္	Wander	= ေျခဦးတည္ရာ သြားသည္
Talk	= စကားေျပာသည္	Receive	= လက္ခံရ႐ွိသည္
Graduate (from)	= မွ..ဘြဲ႔ရသည္၊ ဘြဲ႔ယူသည္	Enjoy	= ေပ်ာ္႐ႊင္ခံစားသည္
Cultivate	= စိုက္ပ်ဳိးသည္	Explain	= ႐ွင္းျပသည္
Learn	= သင္ယူသည္	Enter	= အထဲသို႔ဝင္သည္
Practice	= ေလ့က်င့္သည္	Include	= ပါဝင္သည္
Publish	= ထုတ္ေဝျဖန္႔ခ်ီသည္	Encourage	= အားေပးသည္
Teach	= သင္ေပးသည္	See	= ျမင္သည္

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